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Neurodegenerative Diseases: Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders characterized by the progressive degeneration and loss of structure or function of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS). These diseases often lead to cognitive decline, motor dysfunction, and, in some cases, behavioral changes. They are…
Epilepsy and seizure disorders are neurological conditions characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, leading to seizures. Seizures can vary widely in their presentation, from brief lapses in awareness to full-body convulsions. Here’s an overview of epilepsy and seizure disorders: Key Concepts Epilepsy: A chronic neurological disorder defined by…
Definition: Cognitive function refers to the mental processes that enable individuals to perceive, think, reason, remember, and interact with their environment. These processes are essential for learning, decision-making, problem-solving, and adapting to new situations. Cognitive Function: An Overview Definition: Cognitive function refers to the mental processes that enable individuals to…
Headaches and pain disorders are common conditions that can significantly impact quality of life. Here’s an overview of some of the most common types of headaches and pain disorders, their symptoms, causes, and potential treatments: Common Types of Headaches 1. Tension-Type Headache (TTH) – Symptoms: Mild to moderate pain, often…
Functional Neurological Disorders (FND) are conditions where patients experience neurological symptoms that cannot be explained by structural damage or disease but instead result from a problem with the nervous system’s functioning. These disorders affect movement, sensation, and cognition, often mimicking conditions like stroke, epilepsy, or multiple sclerosis. Key Features of…
Cerebrovascular disorders are a group of conditions that affect the blood vessels and blood supply to the brain. These disorders can lead to serious health complications, including stroke, cognitive impairment, and even death. Below is an overview of the most common cerebrovascular disorders: 1. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident – CVA) Ischemic…
Brain infectious and inflammatory disorders include conditions caused by infections (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) or autoimmune responses leading to inflammation in the brain. These disorders can be life-threatening and often require urgent medical intervention. Common Brain Infectious Disorders Meningitis Inflammation of the brain tissue, often viral in origin. Causes:…
7 Rules of Life to be Happy and More Productive 1. Let it Go. Never ruin a good day by thinking about a bad day. We all keep past versions of ourselves in a closet somewhere safe, and every time we open it, we feel pain and suffering and relive…
Sleep disorders are conditions that disrupt normal sleep patterns, leading to difficulties falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restful sleep. They can negatively impact physical health, mental well-being, and daily functioning. Here are some common sleep disorders: 1. Insomnia –Symptoms: Difficulty falling or staying asleep, waking up too early, poor…
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning or development. It affects both children and adults, though symptoms often appear in early childhood. Core Symptoms: ADHD is divided into three subtypes based on symptoms: 1.…
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by differences in social communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. It is called a “spectrum” because it affects individuals differently, with varying levels of support needs. Key Characteristics of ASD: 1. Social Communication Challenges – Difficulty with nonverbal cues (eye contact,…
Lifestyle modifications can significantly improve the mental health and overall well-being of psychiatric patients. These changes complement medical treatments (e.g., therapy, medications) and help manage symptoms. Here are key lifestyle adjustments: 1. Sleep Hygiene – Maintain a consistent sleep schedule(same bedtime/wake time). – Avoid caffeine, nicotine, and screens before bed.…
Psychedelic-assisted therapies are experiencing a significant resurgence in mental health research, particularly focusing on psilocybin, MDMA, and ketamine. These substances are being explored for their potential in treating conditions such as depression, PTSD, and addiction. Psilocybin, the active compound in “magic mushrooms,” has shown promise in alleviating symptoms of treatment-resistant…
Disease-Modifying Therapies (DMTs) for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) are medications that aim to alter the course of the disease by reducing the frequency of relapses, delaying disability progression, and limiting new lesion formation on MRI. DMTs are not curative but are critical in long-term MS management. 📌 Classes of DMTs for…
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed antidepressants during pregnancy to manage maternal depression. However, emerging research suggests that SSRI exposure in the womb may alter fetal brain development and rewire neural circuits, potentially affecting behavior and emotional regulation later in life. Key Findings on SSRI Exposure and Fetal…
The gut-brain axis—the bidirectional communication network linking the central nervous system (CNS) and the enteric nervous system (ENS)—has become a major area of research in understanding neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Central to this axis is the gut microbiome, which can influence brain function and behavior via immune, neural, metabolic, and…
Here are simplified psychiatric guidelines for common people—practical advice based on psychiatric principles aimed at promoting mental well-being, recognizing early warning signs, and knowing when to seek professional help: Basic Psychiatric Guidelines for the General Public 1. Understand Mental Health is Part of Overall Health Mental health is as important…
Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA) is a neurotoxin derived from Clostridium botulinum that has found widespread therapeutic use in neurology and psychiatry due to its ability to temporarily block neuromuscular transmission. Below are its key applications in these fields: Neurological Applications 1. Chronic Migraine – Approved for prophylaxis in adults with chronic migraine…
Neurobiotics, a term that may refer to probiotics or interventions targeting brain health via the gut-brain axis, offer several potential advantages, particularly in cognitive function, mental health, and overall well-being. Here are some key benefits: 1. Enhanced Cognitive Function – May improve memory, focus, and learning by supporting gut microbiome…
Ketamine, originally an anesthetic, has emerged as a rapid-acting antidepressant for patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), particularly when conventional antidepressants fail. Clinical Effectiveness Aspect Findings Onset of Action Relief seen within hours; peak effect usually within 24–72 hours. Response Rate 50–70% of TRD patients show…
1. Introduction Genetic testing has emerged as an increasingly important tool in both neurology and psychiatry. Advances in sequencing technologies, bioinformatics, and understanding of genetic contributions to brain disorders have expanded opportunities to use genetic information for diagnosis, prognostication, treatment selection, and research. However, the clinical utility differs between many…
1. Introduction The gut–brain axis refers to the complex, bidirectional communication network connecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system (CNS). This communication involves neural (e.g., Vagus nerve), immune, endocrine (hormonal), and microbial pathways, whereby the brain can influence gut functions (motility, secretion, barrier integrity), and conversely the…
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, alongside restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. There is no single known cause of ASD; instead, it arises from a multifactorial interplay of genetic, environmental, and developmental factors. Both genetics…
Below is a comprehensive, evidence-based overview of potential strategies to address and mitigate factors implicated in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). It is important to emphasize that ASD is multifactorial and there is no guaranteed “cure” or singular prevention; rather, these approaches aim at risk reduction where possible, early identification, mitigation…
Mood disorders are a category of mental health conditions characterized by significant disturbances in a person’s emotional state. These disorders can affect how you feel, think, and handle daily activities. The most common types of mood disorders include: 1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Symptoms: Persistent sadness, loss of interest in…
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