Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning or development. It affects both children and adults, though symptoms often appear in early childhood.

Core Symptoms:

ADHD is divided into three subtypes based on symptoms:

1. Predominantly Inattentive Presentation:

– Difficulty sustaining attention.

– Easily distracted, forgetful.

– Trouble organizing tasks.

– Avoids tasks requiring prolonged mental effort.

– Often loses things (e.g., keys, homework).

2. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation:

– Fidgeting or restlessness.

– Excessive talking.

– Difficulty staying seated.

– Impulsivity (interrupting others, acting without thinking).

– Difficulty waiting for turns.

3. Combined Presentation:

– Symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.

Causes & Risk Factors:

– Genetics: Strong hereditary component.

– Brain Structure & Function: Differences in dopamine regulation and prefrontal cortex activity.

– Environmental Factors: Premature birth, low birth weight, prenatal exposure to toxins (e.g., alcohol, tobacco).

– Not caused by: Poor parenting, excessive screen time, or sugar (though these may worsen symptoms).

Diagnosis:

– Conducted by a psychologist, psychiatrist, or neurologist.

– Involves clinical interviews, behavior rating scales, and sometimes cognitive testing.

– Must rule out other conditions (e.g., anxiety, learning disabilities, sleep disorders).

Treatment:

1. Medication:

–Stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate/Ritalin, amphetamines/Adderall) – most common and effective.

–Non-stimulants (e.g., atomoxetine/Strattera, guanfacine) – for those who don’t respond to stimulants.

2. Behavioral Therapy:

– Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for adults.

– Parent training and school interventions for children.

– Organizational skills training.

3. Lifestyle Adjustments:

– Regular exercise, structured routines.

– Healthy diet (omega-3s, protein may help).

– Mindfulness and stress management techniques.

ADHD in Adults:

– Often undiagnosed in childhood.

– May struggle with time management, impulsivity (e.g., spending, job changes), and emotional regulation.

– Higher risk of anxiety, depression, and substance abuse if untreated.

Misconceptions:

– “ADHD is just laziness.” → It’s a neurological condition, not a choice.

– “Only kids have ADHD.” → Many adults live with it, sometimes undiagnosed.

– “Medication is a ‘quick fix.'” → Works best with therapy and lifestyle changes.

Support & Management:

– For children: IEP/504 plans in school, behavioral therapy.

– For adults: Workplace accommodations (e.g., flexible schedules, task reminders).

– Support groups (e.g., CHADD) can help.

ADHD is manageable with the right strategies and support. If you suspect ADHD, consult a healthcare professional for evaluation.