Functional Neurological Disorders (FND) are conditions where patients experience neurological symptoms that cannot be explained by structural damage or disease but instead result from a problem with the nervous system’s functioning. These disorders affect movement, sensation, and cognition, often mimicking conditions like stroke, epilepsy, or multiple sclerosis.

Key Features of FND:

Symptoms:

• Motor symptoms: Weakness, paralysis, tremors, dystonia, gait disturbances, or seizures (non-epileptic).
• Sensory symptoms: Numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation.
• Speech symptoms: Slurred speech, difficulty speaking, or complete loss of speech.
• Cognitive symptoms: Memory problems or difficulty concentrating.
• Visual symptoms: Blindness or double vision.

Seizure-like episodes: Non-epileptic seizures (also called psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, or PNES).

Diagnosis

• FND is diagnosed based on the presence of neurological symptoms that are inconsistent with known neurological or medical conditions.
• Positive signs on clinical examination (e.g., Hoover’s sign for functional weakness) help distinguish FND from other conditions.
• Tests like MRI, EEG, or blood work are typically normal, ruling out other causes.

Causes

• The exact cause is not fully understood, but FND is thought to result from a combination of psychological, biological, and social factors.
• Stress, trauma, or emotional conflicts may contribute to the onset or exacerbation of symptoms.
• Abnormalities in brain connectivity or processing may play a role.

Prognosis:

• The prognosis varies. Some patients recover fully, while others may experience chronic symptoms.
• Early diagnosis and treatment improve the likelihood of recovery.
• A supportive and understanding environment is crucial for managing FND.

Stigma and Misunderstanding:

• FND is often misunderstood, and patients may feel stigmatized or dismissed by healthcare providers or others who do not recognize the condition as legitimate.
• Raising awareness and educating both the public and healthcare professionals is essential.

Treatment

• Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is often used to address underlying psychological factors and help patients manage symptoms.
• Physical Therapy: For motor symptoms, tailored physical therapy can help retrain the brain and improve function.
• Medication: While there are no specific medications for FND, antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications may help with co-occurring mental health conditions.
• Education: Helping patients understand that their symptoms are real and not “imagined” is a critical part of treatment.

FND is a complex and often challenging condition, but with appropriate care and support, many individuals can achieve significant improvement in their symptoms and quality of life.